A remarkable new synthemistid from New Caledonia (Odonata: Anisoptera: Synthemistidae s. str.). Taxonomic and phylogenetic note on New Caledonian Synthemistidae and erection of a new genus.

The new species, Calesynthemis jeanlegrandi sp. nov., dedicated to the late Jean Legrand, is described and illustrated based on a single pair of specimens from Mont Pani, New Caledonia. The male of this large species has unusual strongly sinuous and distally down curved white cerci 7 mm long and exhibits on abdominal segment 10 a remarkable clump of strong setae mimicking a dorsal horn. The female wingspan slightly exceeds 100 mm. In addition, on the basis of adult and larval characters, Neocaledosynthemis gen. nov. is erected to accommodate two other New Caledonian synthemistids, Synthemis fenella Campion (type species) and Synthemis ariadne Lieftinck. New Caledonian synthemistids are probably more closely related to Parasynthemis Carle than to Synthemis Selys Longchamps, both from Australia.

Dipterocarpoidae genomics reveal their demography and adaptations to Asian rainforests.

Dipterocarpoideae species form the emergent layer of Asian rainforests. They are the indicator species for Asian rainforest distribution, but they are severely threatened. Here, to understand their adaptation and population decline, we assemble high-quality genomes of seven Dipterocarpoideae species including two autotetraploid species. We estimate the divergence time between Dipterocarpoideae and Malvaceae and within Dipterocarpoideae to be 108.2 (97.8‒118.2) and 88.4 (77.7‒102.9) million years ago, and we identify a whole genome duplication event preceding dipterocarp lineage diversification. We find several genes that showed a signature of selection, likely associated with the adaptation to Asian rainforests. By resequencing of two endangered species, we detect an expansion of effective population size after the last glacial period and a recent sharp decline coinciding with the history of local human activities. Our findings contribute to understanding the diversification and adaptation of dipterocarps and highlight anthropogenic disturbances as a major factor in their endangered status.

Dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and fine root decomposition in sub-tropical Shorea robusta Gaertner f. forests of Central Himalaya, India.

This study aimed to examine the effects of spatial and temporal variability in edaphic, and climatic attributeson soil net nitrogen mineralization rate, and to understand the pattern of fine root decomposition of dominant and co-dominant tree species, and its influence on the nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Study was carried out at four different sites in sub-tropical forest ecosystems of Shorea robusta, in foothills of Central Himalayan region, India. Co-dominant tree species at four sites were Mallotus philippensis (site A), Glochidion velutinum (site B), Holarrhena pubescens (site C), and Tectona grandis (site D). Buried bag technique was used for nitrogen mineralization, while fine root decomposition was determined using fine root mesh bags. Seasonal variation, soil depth, soil characteristics, and site variability, all significantly (p < 0.05) affected nitrogen mineralization rates. Fine root decomposition was significantly affected by nutrient concentration of fine roots. Total mineral nitrogen was maximum at site D (16.24 ± 0.96 µg g-1 soil), while minimum at site C (10.10 ± 0.84 µg g-1 soil). Maximum nitrogen mineralization (13.18 ± 0.18 µg g-1 month-1) was recorded during summer season at site D, while the minimum nitrogen mineralization (3.20 ± 0.46 µg g-1 month-1) was recorded during rainy season at site C. Inorganic-N and net nitrogen mineralization was relatively higher in 0-20 cm soil layer than 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layer. The fine roots showed 70.61-74.82 % weight loss on completion of 365 days of decomposition process. Maximum fine root decomposition was observed in the G. velutinum, and minimum in T. grandis. A significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between root nitrogen and carbon content, and decomposition rates per month. This study concluded that the spatial and temporal variability in soil nitrogen mineralization rates and fine root decomposition optimises nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems, which can contribute to the development of sustainable forest management practices.

Machine learning, conventional and statistical physics modeling of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide removal using biochar prepared from Vateria indica fruit biomass.

The adsorption properties of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) onto biochar, obtained through HCl-assisted hydrothermal carbonization process of Vateria indica fruits (VI-BC), were extensively studied using traditional and statistical physics approaches. The traditional adsorption investigations encompassed kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics studies. Subsequently, the Hill statistical physics model was employed to interpret the mechanism. Also, artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) machine learning tools were successfully employed to model the adsorption data wherein both models had high prediction potential (R2 > 0.99). The outcomes demonstrated that the produced VI-BC exhibited remarkable adsorptive traits, having a considerable specific surface area (111.54 m2/g), pore size (5.89 nm), a variety of functional groups, and appropriate attributes for efficiently adsorbing 2,4-D. For 10 mg/L 2,4-D, at pH 2.0 and with 0.3 g/L dose, an impressive 91.67% adsorption efficiency was achieved within a 120-min. Pseudo-second-order model aptly depicted the kinetic behavior of 2,4-D adsorption, while the Freundlich model provided a more accurate representation of the isotherms. 2,4-D maximum adsorption capacity stood at 131.39 mg/g at 303 K. The Hill statistical physics model elucidated that the adsorption primarily occurred via physisorption mechanisms, involving electrostatic attractions, π-π conjugation, and pore filling. This conclusion was further substantiated by post-adsorption characterization of the VI-BC. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the interactions between VI-BC and 2,4-D were favorable, spontaneous, and exothermic. The calculated low energy of adsorption (1.255 kJ/mol) and ΔH° value (-20.49 kJ/mol) further supported physisorption as the dominant mechanism. In summary, this study underscores the significant potential of the newly developed biochar as a promising alternative material for efficiently removing the 2,4-D herbicide from polluted environments.

Rare eggshell structure in Odonata: Lindenia tetraphylla (Van der Linden) (Anisoptera: Gomphidae).

Lindenia tetraphylla (Van der Linden, 1825) eggs exhibit an egg structure that is very rare in other Gomphidae species. They have a well-developed surface reticulation structure. The anterior pole of the egg has a small, rounded micropylar area consisting of seven orifices arranged radially around a central area. The posterior pole has a sessile, truncated cone that carries 55-65 coiled filaments. The filament structure found at the posterior pole of the egg has been observed in the gomphid species Lestinogomphus africanus (Fraser, 1926), Ictinogomphus australis (Selys, 1873), and I. rapax (Rambur, 1842). However, L. tetraphylla eggs differ from these species in both morphology and filament structure. This study provides a detailed analysis of the ultrastructure of L. tetraphylla eggs using scanning electron microscopy, and the functional and taxonomic significance of the eggshell are discussed. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The aim of this study is to examine the ultrastructure of the L. tetraphylla eggshell, emphasizing its function and taxonomic value. In this context, the general morphology of the egg, the reticulations on its surface, the micropylar region and micropylar structure, and the posterior filament coil were examined. In this study, the ultrastructure of L. tetraphylla egg was examined for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result of the examination, it was detected for the first time that the posterior filament coil, which is rarely seen in odonate eggs, is also present in L. tetraphylla eggs. By comparing the L. tetraphylla egg with the eggs of I. ferox, I. rapax, I. australis, and L. africanus species, which are similar in terms of the posterior filament coil, the features that distinguish the L. tetraphylla egg.

An ecological transcriptome approach to capture the molecular and physiological mechanisms of mass flowering in Shorea curtisii.

Climatic factors have commonly been attributed as the trigger of general flowering, a unique community-level mass flowering phenomenon involving most dipterocarp species that forms the foundation of Southeast Asian tropical rainforests. This intriguing flowering event is often succeeded by mast fruiting, which provides a temporary yet substantial burst of food resources for animals, particularly frugivores. However, the physiological mechanism that triggers general flowering, particularly in dipterocarp species, is not well understood largely due to its irregular and unpredictable occurrences in the tall and dense forests. To shed light on this mechanism, we employed ecological transcriptomic analyses on an RNA-seq dataset of a general flowering species, Shorea curtisii (Dipterocarpaceae), sequenced from leaves and buds collected at multiple vegetative and flowering phenological stages. We assembled 64,219 unigenes from the transcriptome of which 1,730 and 3,559 were differentially expressed in the leaf and the bud, respectively. Differentially expressed unigene clusters were found to be enriched with homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana genes associated with response to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient level, and hormonal treatments. When combined with rainfall data, our transcriptome data reveals that the trees were responding to a brief period of drought prior to the elevated expression of key floral promoters and followed by differential expression of unigenes that indicates physiological changes associated with the transition from vegetative to reproductive stages. Our study is timely for a representative general flowering dipterocarp species that occurs in forests that are under the constant threat of deforestation and climate change as it pinpoints important climate sensitive and flowering-related homologs and offers a glimpse into the cascade of gene expression before and after the onset of floral initiation.

Identification of an Oligostilbene, Vaticanol B, from Dryobalanops aromatica Leaves as an Antiviral Compound against the Hepatitis C Virus.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current medications using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective and well-tolerated for treating patients with chronic HCV, high prices and the existence of DAA-resistant variants hamper treatment. There is thus a need for easily accessible antivirals with different mechanisms of action. During the screening of Indonesian medicinal plants for anti-HCV activity, we found that a crude extract of Dryobalanops aromatica leaves possessed strong antiviral activity against HCV. Bioassay-guided purification identified an oligostilbene, vaticanol B, as an active compound responsible for the anti-HCV activity. Vaticanol B inhibited HCV infection in a dose-dependent manner with 50% effective and cytotoxic concentrations of 3.6 and 559.5 µg/mL, respectively (Selectivity Index: 155.4). A time-of-addition study revealed that the infectivity of HCV virions was largely lost upon vaticanol B pretreatment. Also, the addition of vaticanol B following viral entry slightly but significantly suppressed HCV replication and HCV protein expression in HCV-infected and a subgenomic HCV replicon cells. Thus, the results clearly demonstrated that vaticanol B acted mainly on the viral entry step, while acting weakly on the post-entry step as well. Furthermore, co-treatment of the HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir with vaticanol B increased the anti-HCV effect. Collectively, the present study has identified a plant-derived oligostilbene, vaticanol B, as a novel anti-HCV compound.

Diagnoses and key for the larvae of Progomphus Selys, 1854 from Argentina (Anisoptera: Gomphidae), with first larval descriptions for P. aberrans Belle, 1973 and P. kimminsi Belle, 1973.

Ten species of Progomphus Selys, 1854 are known to occur in Argentina. The larval stages of only four of them are described. We here add the larval descriptions of two species: P. aberrans Belle, 1973 and P. kimminsi Belle, 1973, and diagnose and illustrate important characters for the remaining species known at the larval stage in Argentina: P. complicatus Selys, 1854, P. joergenseni Ris, 1908, P. lepidus Ris, 1911 and P. phyllochromus Ris, 1918. New geographical records for these species are presented, including new records for P. kimminsi in Bolivia, and new provincial records in Argentina: P. aberrans and P. joergenseni in San Luis, and P. kimminsi in Santiago del Estero. A key to distinguish the larval stage of Argentinean species is proposed.

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus as a promising anti-obesity treatment in Lep knockout mice.

Introduction: The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (D. tuberculatus) extracts have been examined concerning inflammation, photoaging, and gastritis; however, their effect on obesity is still being investigated. Methods: We administered a methanol extract of D. tuberculatus (MED) orally to Lep knockout (KO) mice for 4 weeks to investigate the therapeutic effects on obesity, weight gain, fat accumulation, lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and ß-oxidation. Results: In Lep KO mice, MED significantly reduced weight gains, food intake, and total cholesterol and glyceride levels. Similar reductions in fat weights and adipocyte sizes were also observed. Furthermore, MED treatment reduced liver weight, lipid droplet numbers, the expressions of adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related genes, and the expressions of lipolysis regulators in liver tissues. Moreover, the iNOS-mediated COX-2 induction pathway, the inflammasome pathway, and inflammatory cytokine levels were reduced, but ß-oxidation was increased, in the livers of MED-treated Lep KO mice. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that MED ameliorates obesity and has considerable potential as an anti-obesity treatment.

Genetic structure and population history of a peat swamp forest tree species, Shorea albida (Dipterocarpaceae), in Brunei Darussalam.

Southeast Asia supports high biodiversity, in a mosaic of forest types formed by the expansion and contraction of habitats through past climate changes. Among the region's forest types, the geographical distribution of peat swamp forests has fluctuated intensely over the past 120,000 years. Most peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia are found in coastal regions and formed within the last 7,000 years after a decline in sea level. However, some peat swamps were initiated earlier on substrates of slightly higher elevation, and these peat swamps might have been refugia for peat swamp species in the last glacial period and the high sea level period. We assessed genetic diversity, genetic structure and divergence time of current genetic groups for Shorea albida in Brunei, an endemic tree species of Bornean peat swamp forests, using 18 microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was not lower than has been found in other Shorea species, possibly because of the high density of S. albida in Brunei. Although overall genetic divergence between populations was low, two populations (Ingei and Labi Road 3) were distinct from the other populations. Analysis using DIYABC estimated that three genetic groups (Ingei, Labi Road 3 and others) diverged simultaneously from their ancestral population, whose effective size was very small, about 7,500 years ago, corresponding to a recent sea level peak in the Belait-Baram river basin. In that high sea level period, some higher-elevation lands remained, and peat formation had already started in this region. We propose that the current genetic structure of S. albida in Brunei was formed from small refugial populations that survived the period of higher sea level in these higher-elevation areas. Because of their relatively high genetic diversity, Brunei's S. albida populations should become an important genetic resource for the recovery of genetically healthy populations in other parts of northwest Borneo.

Different GCMs yet similar outcome: predicting the habitat distribution of Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn. in the Indian Himalayas using CMIP5 and CMIP6 climate models.

Climate change impact on the habitat distribution of umbrella species presents a critical threat to the entire regional ecosystem. This is further perilous if the species is economically important. Sal (Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn.), a climax forest forming Central Himalayan tree species, is one of the most valuable timber species and provides several ecological services. Sal forests are under threat due to over-exploitation, habitat destruction, and climate change. Sal's poor natural regeneration and its unimodal density-diameter distribution in the region illustrate the peril to its habitat. We, modelled the current as well as future distribution of suitable sal habitats under different climate scenarios using 179 sal occurrence points and 8 bioclimatic environmental variables (non-collinear). The CMIP5-based RCP4.5 and CMIP6-based SSP245 climate models under 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 periods were used to predict the impact of climate change on sal's future potential distribution area. The niche model results predict the mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality as the most influential sal habitat governing variables in the region. The current high suitability region for sal was 4.36% of the total geographic area, which shows a drastic decline to 1.31% and 0.07% under SSP245 for 2041-60 and 2061-80, respectively. The RCP-based models predicted more severe impact than SSP; however, both RCP and SSP models showed complete loss of high suitability regions and overall shift of species northwards in the Uttarakhand state. We could identify the current and future suitable habitats for conserving sal population through assisted regeneration and management of other regional issues.

Gynacantha anandmati, a new species of dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) from Maharashtra, India.

We erect Gynacantha anandmati sp. nov. based on one male and one female specimens collected from Thane district of Maharashtra. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by long, straight and nearly flat cerci, distinct 'T-shaped mark' on postfrons and vividly marked abdomen. We also provide updated key to identification of males of South Asian Gynacantha spp.

Genome-wide characterization leading to simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers development in Shorea robusta.

Tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia are enriched by multifarious biota dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. In this family, Shorea robusta is an ecologically sensitive and economically important timber species whose genomic diversity and phylogeny remain understudied due to lack of datasets on genetic resources. Smattering availability of molecular markers impedes population genetic studies indicating a necessity to develop genomic databases and species-specific markers in S. robusta. Accordingly, the present study focused on fostering de novo low-depth genome sequencing, identification of reliable microsatellites markers, and their validation in various populations of S. robusta in Uttarakhand Himalayas. With 69.88 million raw reads assembled into 1,97,489 contigs (read mapped to 93.2%) and a genome size of 357.11 Mb (29 × coverage), Illumina paired-end sequencing technology arranged a library of sequence data of ~ 10 gigabases (Gb). From 57,702 microsatellite repeats, a total of 35,049 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs were developed. Afterward, among randomly selected 60 primer pairs, 50 showed successful amplification and 24 were found as polymorphic. Out of which, nine polymorphic loci were further used for genetic analysis in 16 genotypes each from three different geographical locations of Uttarakhand (India). Prominently, the average number of alleles per locus (Na), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) were recorded as 2.44, 0.324, 0.277 and 0.252, respectively. The accessibility of sequence information and novel SSR markers potentially enriches the current knowledge of the genomic background for S. robusta and to be utilized in various genetic studies in species under tribe Shoreae.

New stem-anisopteran dragonflies in the Jurassic of China (Odonata: Epiproctophora).

The odonatan asiopterid Turanopteron sinensis sp. nov. and the juragomphid Oxfordgomphus trescellulae gen. et sp. nov. are described on the basis of two new fossil wings from the Middle-Upper Jurassic of Henan Province in China. These taxa belong to ancient, Toarcian epiproctophoran stem groups of Anisoptera Selys, 1854. They show important affinities with taxa from the Karatau entomofauna in Kazakhstan. These groups progressively decrease and were replaced by more modern clades of Anisoptera during the Late Jurassic.

Taxonomic contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite family Scheloribatidae (Acari, Oribatida), with description of three new species from Vietnam.

Three new oribatid mite species of the family Scheloribatidae (Oribatida)Dometorina (Dometorina) robusta sp. nov., Phylloribatula latiseta sp. nov., Scheloribates (Scheloribates) paraflagellisetosus sp. nov.are described, based on adults collected from tree branches of Dipterocarpus alatus in southern Vietnam. Representatives of Dometorina (Dometorina) and Phylloribatula are recorded in the Vietnamese fauna for the first time. An identification key to the known species of Phylloribatula is provided.

An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini.

An illustrated guide to the tribe Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellinae) of the Indian Subcontinent comprising 119 species of 30 genera is presented. Brief diagnostic accounts of the genera and the species included therein are given with supporting illustrations of diagnostic characters, including genitalia, wherever available. Details of distribution, prey and plant associations, and seasonal occurrence are provided based on collections, label data and literature. For 31 species, illustrations of the life stages are included to facilitate the field identification of the immature stages. Adalia puetzi Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1986 is synonymized with Adalia simmondsi Kapur & Sudha Rao, 1962 (new synonym). Oenopia smetanai Canepari, 1997 is removed from synonymy with O. flavidbrunna Jing, 1986 and restored as a valid species (status revised). Illeis kapuri Anand, Gupta & Ghai is transferred to Ortalia Mulsant, 1850 (new combination). Two new species, Harmonia andamanensis sp. n. and Phrynocaria prathapani sp. n. are described and illustrated from the Andamans and the Western Ghats, respectively. Coelophora lushuiensis (Jing, 1992) is documented as a new record for India (Manipur). An updated checklist of the Coccinellini of the Indian Subcontinent is also provided.

Decision to use denture adhesive in complete denture wearers after one-month run-in period: A quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess two patient-based outcomes of complete denture (CD) wearers who continued or discontinued using denture adhesive (DA) after one-month run-in period of DA use. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study comprised 76 CD wearers. The two patient-based outcomes were oral health-related quality of life and masticatory performance, determined by the Thai-version of oral impacts on daily performances index and multiple sieve method of 20-stroke peanut mastication. Denture retention and stability were evaluated using the CU-modified Kapur criteria to classify the CD into acceptable or unacceptable quality. The outcomes were collected at 3 time points: 1) at baseline (T0), 2) after a 1-month run-in period of DA use (T1), at which time the participants decided whether to continue using DA, and 3) 1-month after continuing or discontinuing using DA (T2). Changes in the percentages of having an oral impact from T0 to T2 were evaluated using the McNemar's test. The effect of denture quality and the decision to use DA on peanut particle size across time points were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. The peanut particle size changes in each group between time points were evaluated using the one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc comparison test. RESULTS: The participants who continued using DA at T2 had greater oral impact reduction after the 1-month run-in period of DA use, whereas cleaning and emotional impacts emerged in those who discontinued using DA. At T1 and T2, the peanut particle size of the participants who continued and discontinued using DA was not significantly changed from T0, except for the acceptable CD wearers who discontinued using DA at T2, whose peanut particle size decreased from T0 to T2. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline oral impacts and their change influenced CD wearers' decision whether to continue using DA. However, masticatory performance did not affect the patients' decision.

Thirteen Dipterocarpoideae genomes provide insights into their evolution and borneol biosynthesis.

Dipterocarpoideae, the largest subfamily of the Dipterocarpaceae, is a dominant component of Southeast Asian rainforests and is widely used as a source of wood, damar resin, medicine, and essential oil. However, many Dipterocarpoideae species are currently on the IUCN Red List owing to severe degradation of their habitats under global climate change and human disturbance. Genetic information regarding these taxa has only recently been reported with the sequencing of four Dipterocarp genomes, providing clues to the function and evolution of these species. Here, we report on 13 high-quality Dipterocarpoideae genome assemblies, ranging in size from 302.6 to 494.8 Mb and representing the five most species-rich genera in Dipterocarpoideae. Molecular dating analyses support the Western Gondwanaland origin of Dipterocarpaceae. Based on evolutionary analysis, we propose a three-step chromosome evolution scenario to describe the karyotypic evolution from an ancestor with six chromosomes to present-day species with 11 and 7 chromosomes. We discovered an expansion of genes encoding cellulose synthase (CesA), which is essential for cellulose biosynthesis and secondary cell-wall formation. We functionally identified five bornyl diphosphate synthase (BPPS) genes, which specifically catalyze the biosynthesis of borneol, a natural medicinal compound extracted from damar resin and oils, thus providing a basis for large-scale production of natural borneol in vitro.

A taxonomic review of the genus Axinoscymnus Kamiya, with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae).

Eleven species of the genus Axinoscymnus Kamiya are revised, and additional three new species are described: Axinoscymnus pingxiangicus Peng et Chen sp. n., Axinoscymnus gongxinensis Peng et Chen sp. n. and Axinoscymnus hamulatus Peng et Chen sp. n. The genus Axinoscymnus is recorded from Nepal for the first time. Several species are also newly reported from the following countries: Axinoscymnus puttarudriahi Kapur et Munshi for China, Laos and Nepal, Axinoscymnus macrosiphonatus Hong for China and Laos, Axinoscymnua navicularis Ren et Pang for Laos and Nepal, Axinoscymnus cardilobus Ren et Pang and Axinoscymnus nigripennis Kamiya for Laos. Nomenclatural history, diagnoses, detailed description, illustrations, and distribution for most species have been provided. A key to the species of this genus is also given.

Burmagomphus chaukulensis, a new species of dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) from the Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India.

We describe a new species of dragonfly, Burmagomphus chaukulensis sp. nov., based on four males and two females from Chaukul, Sindhudurg, Maharashtra located in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot of India. The newly described species is diagnosed from its congeners by a combination of following characters: the shape of male caudal appendages (prominent lateral spines on cerci) and the lateral thoracic markings (stripe on mesepisternum reduced and pointed anteriorly). Additionally, B. chaukulensis is unique in terms of the shape of hamuli, strongly angulated with spines at both sides. An updated identification key to Indian Burmagomphus spp. is also provided.